To successfully manage weeds, pests or diseases they must be correctly identified. Misidentification leads to incorrect control practices which is costly and often making the problem worse.

Many people still rely on common names of weeds for their identification, however this leads to problems because many species have multiple common names. Some names are only used within some states or even districts such as Fallopia convolvulus which is known as climbing buckwheat in Queensland and black bindweed in New South Wales. A more interesting example is Conyza sumatrensis which is normally called tall fleabane in most places. However, on the north coast of New South Wales it is often known as cobbler’s pegs. Cobbler’s pegs are actually Bidens pilosa which look totally different.
Originally the naming of plants and animals was based on where they came from. For example, any animal from the sea was called a fish. This included whales and dolphins. Many Australian plants were given English names because the colonisers had a European world view. For example, the tallest flowering tree in the world – Eucalyptus regnans – was called mountain ash. It looks nothing like European ashes (Fraxinus spp.).
Our modern naming system of genus and species comes from Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) who divided flowering plants into groups depending on their flowers and fruits.
Unfortunately identifying plants by flowers and fruits is too late for most management strategies. Therefore, it is good to use vegetative characteristics to identify plants. This has the major benefits of early weed identification which are cost effective allowing timely management strategies to be implemented.
Starting point for identification

Land plants are divided into groups of increasing complexity in structure, particularly the vascular tissue and how they reproduce and spread. It is generally accepted that land plants commence with green algae and goes through to the flowering plants.

  • Green algae – contain chlorophyll, no roots or vascular tissue.
  • Mosses & liverworts – have absorbing organs, not roots
  • Club mosses – single veins in small leaves, and union of stem and leaf without a break in the vascular tissue of the stem. Reproduce by spores.
  • Horsetails – hollow, jointed stems, reproduce by spores and have an extensive root system
  • Ferns – highly dissected leaves which unroll from the tip, reproduce by spores and often have rhizomes
  • Gymnosperms – seeds borne upon scales in a cone or as a naked seed – cycads, ginkgo, conifers
  • Angiosperms – flowering plants – seeds enclosed in a seed case or ovary – monocotyledons and dicotyledons

The starting point to narrow down and identify the majority of weeds (flowering plants) is to figure out whether they are monocotyledons or dicotyledons. It is all also handy to know over half of weeds come from 5 families of flowering plants – Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae (monocot) and Iridaceae (monocot).
Monocotyledons can be identified by the following characteristics:

  • plants are herbaceous (no woody parts)
  • single seed leaves
  • leaves lack a leaf stalk, with each leaf consisting of an upper strap-like blade and a sheathing base that encloses the stem
  • ligule on the upper leaf surface is membranous or hairy
  • leaf veins are parallel with no single main vein
  • roots are fibrous
  • includes the major families Poaceae, Liliaceae, Cyperaceae, Orchidaceae, Iridaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Alliaceae

Dicotyledons:

  • 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
  • Shoot system consisting of:
    -main axis (stem)
    -leaves attach to the stem at nodes
    -each leaf consists of lamina, leaf stalk (petiole) and strongly developed main vein with lateral veins (reticulate)
    -buds in leaf axils and at the end of stem
  • Root system – primary or tap root, with lateral roots

Plant – environment associations

Knowing the types of environment in which certain weeds like to grow can help narrow down the possible candidates. Weeds like annual ryegrass however will grow over a range of environments. Some examples are given below.
Acidic soils prone to waterlogging in winter

Docks (Rumex spp.), rushes and toad rush (Juncus spp.), sedges (Cyperaceae), loosestrife (Lythrum spp.), crassula (Crassula spp.)
Lighter textured, acidic soils

Capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), matricaria (Oncosiphon piluliferum), Geranium spp., Erodium spp., sorrel (Acetosella vulgaris), annual ryegrass, Vulpia spp., wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), Paterson’s curse (Echium plantagineum), Indian hedge mustard (Sisymbrium orientale).
Lighter textured, alkaline soils

Capeweed, skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea), brome grass, annual ryegrass, wild turnip (B. tournefortii), spiny emex (Emex australis), medics, rough poppy (Papaver hybridum)
Clays

Fumitory (Fumaria spp.), deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule), turnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum), charlock (Sinapis arvensis), variegated thistle (Silybum marianum), parodoxa grass (Phalaris parodoxa)
Collecting plants for identification

It is always a good idea to collect specimens for correct identification. There are plant identification services at the various State herbaria. If it is a new species for an area there will often be no charge however if it is a common weed or plant, there will be a fee.
See this link on how to properly collect and prepare specimens for identification.
https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/304326/Collecting-and-preparing-plant-specimens-for-identification.pdf
How to photograph a plant to get an accurate identification

Insufficient detail for accurate plant identification

A general shot with insufficient detail for accurate identification. Grasses and other monocots can be difficult to photograph and need a plain background and multiple images. Image: AGRONOMO

With smartphones being ubiquitous technology, everyone has the tools to take great photos, but it is annoying to receive blurry images someone expects you to give a miraculous ID from.
Firstly, make sure that your images are in focus! Take a series of images. Include the whole plant then get close enough to show detail. Don’t have the subject mixed in with lots of other plants. Isolate the plant you want to photograph from the background or other plants.
You also want light on the front of the subject and not have bright light or reflection behind the subject.
Finally, you actually want a flower/seed head and a leaf and stem in the image. These must be in the same plane (side-by-side) otherwise something will be out of focus.
An effective technique is to hold the leaf/stem and flower/seed head up to the sky at arm’s length with the sun behind you. The image will be in focus, well-lit and have necessary detail to allow identification.
Include information with the images – location, soil type, vegetation association, and plant habit – annual, perennial, tree, shrub, herb or vine.
Oxalis corniculata

Image shows leaves, flowers and fruits of Oxalis corniculata which is very useful for identification. Nothing to give scale but this can be remedied by stating in additional information that the plant was 8 cm high. A description of the root system would also help distinguish O.corniculata from similar Oxalis spp. i.e. fibrous roots with no bulbils. Image: AGRONOMO

For further information on weed identification

Online Australian herbaria
Atlas of living Australia – https://www.ala.org.au/

New South Wales Royal botanic Gardens – Flora online http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/simple.htm

FloraBase – the Western Australian flora – https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/

Flora of Victoria – https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/

Seeds of South Australia – http://saseedbank.com.au/

Weed identification websites

Weeds in Australia weed identification tool – http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weedidtool.pl

Environmental weeds of Australia – Biosecurity Queensland edition – https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=

Weeds of Australia identification tool – https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/land-management/health-pests-weeds-diseases/weeds-diseases/identification

Facebook
Weeds of Western Australia Group – a group of keying weed people desperate to identify your weeds – https://www.facebook.com/groups/WeedsofWesternAustralia/

Plant Identification Australia Group – a keen group of plant people ready to give you an ID
https://www.facebook.com/groups/PlantIdentificationAustralia/about/